Hepatitis B Virus Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor [EPC] — ORAL
Abacavir Sulfate, Dolutegravir Sodium, Lamivudine — Hepatitis B Virus Nucleoside Analog Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor [EPC]. INDICATIONS AND USAGE TRIUMEQ and TRIUMEQ PD are indicated for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults and in pediatric patients aged at least 3 mo
Boxed warning
WARNING: HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS, AND EXACERBATIONS OF HEPATITIS B Hypersensitivity Reactions Serious and sometimes fatal hypersensitivity reactions, with multiple organ involvement, have occurred with abacavir, a component of TRIUMEQ and TRIUMEQ PD (abacavir, dolutegravir, and lamivudine). Patients who carry the HLA ‑ B*5701 allele are at a higher risk of a hypersensitivity reaction to abacavir, although hypersensitivity reactions have occurred in patients who do not carry the HLA ‑ B*5701 allele [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )] . TRIUMEQ and TRIUMEQ PD are contraindicated in patients with a prior hypersensitivity reaction to abacavir and in HLA ‑ B*5701-positive patients [see Contraindications ( 4 ), Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )] . All patients should be screened for the HLA ‑ B*5701 allele prior to initiating therapy with TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD or reinitiation of therapy with TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD, unless patients have a previously documented HLA ‑ B*5701 allele assessment. Discontinue TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD immediately if a hypersensitivity reaction is suspected, regardless of HLA ‑ B*5701 status and even when other diagnoses are possible [see Contraindications ( 4 ), Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )] . Following a hypersensitivity reaction to TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD, NEVER restart TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD or any other abacavir ‑ containing product because more severe symptoms, including death can occur within hours. Similar severe reactions have also occurred rarely following the reintroduction of abacavir-containing products in patients who have no history of abacavir hypersensitivity [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )] . Exacerbations of Hepatitis B All patients with HIV-1 should be tested for the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) prior to or when initiating TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD. Emergence of lamivudine-resistant HBV variants associated with lamivudine-containing antiretroviral regimens has been reported. If TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD is used in patients co-infected with HIV-1 and HBV, additional treatment should be considered for appropriate treatment of chronic HBV; otherwise, consider an alternative regimen. Severe acute exacerbations of hepatitis B have been reported in patients who are co ‑ infected with HBV and HIV-1 and have discontinued lamivudine, a component of TRIUMEQ and TRIUMEQ PD. Closely monitor hepatic function in these patients and, if appropriate, initiate anti-HBV treatment [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 )]. WARNING: HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS, AND EXACERBATIONS OF HEPATITIS B See full prescribing information for complete boxed warning. Hypersensitivity Reactions • Serious and sometimes fatal hypersensitivity reactions have occurred with abacavir-containing products. ( 5.1 ) • Hypersensitivity to abacavir is a multi-organ clinical syndrome. ( 5.1 ) • Patients who carry the HLA ‑ B*5701 allele are at a higher risk of experiencing a hypersensitivity reaction to abacavir. ( 5.1 ) • TRIUMEQ and TRIUMEQ PD are contraindicated in patients with a prior hypersensitivity reaction to abacavir and in HLA-B*5701-positive patients. ( 4 ) • Discontinue TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD as soon as a hypersensitivity reaction is suspected. Regardless of HLA-B*5701 status, permanently discontinue TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD if hypersensitivity cannot be ruled out, even when other diagnoses are possible. ( 5.1 ) • Following a hypersensitivity reaction to TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD, NEVER restart TRIUMEQ, TRIUMEQ PD, or any other abacavir ‑ containing product. ( 5.1 ) Exacerbations of Hepatitis B • All patients with HIV-1 should be tested for the presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) prior to or when initiating TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD. Emergence of lamivudine-resistant HBV variants associated with lamivudine-containing antiretroviral regimens has been reported. If TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD is used in patients co-infected with HIV-1 and HBV, additional treatment should be considered for appropriate treatment of chronic HBV; otherwise, consider an alternative regimen. • Severe acute exacerbations of HBV have been reported in patients who are co-infected with HBV and HIV ‑ 1 and have discontinued lamivudine, a component of TRIUMEQ and TRIUMEQ PD. Closely monitor hepatic function in these patients and, if appropriate, initiate anti-HBV treatment. ( 5.2 )
Brand names
TriumeqTriumeq PD
Active ingredients
ABACAVIR SULFATEDOLUTEGRAVIR SODIUMLAMIVUDINE
Indications
INDICATIONS AND USAGE TRIUMEQ and TRIUMEQ PD are indicated for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults and in pediatric patients aged at least 3 months and weighing at least 6 kg. Limitations of Use: TRIUMEQ and TRIUMEQ PD alone are not recommended in patients with resistance‑associated integrase substitutions or clinically suspected integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI) resistance because the dose of dolutegravir in TRIUMEQ and TRIUMEQ PD is insufficient in these subpopulations. See full prescribing information for TIVICAY (dolutegravir). TRIUMEQ and TRIUMEQ PD are a combination of dolutegravir (integrase strand transfer inhibitor [INSTI]), abacavir, and lamivudine (both nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors) indicated for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults and in pediatric patients aged at least 3 months and weighing at least 6 kg. ( 1 ) Limitations of Use: TRIUMEQ and TRIUMEQ PD alone are not recommended in patients with resistance-associated integrase substitutions or clinically suspected INSTI resistance because the dose of dolutegravir in TRIUMEQ and TRIUMEQ PD is insufficient in these subpopulations. See the dolutegravir prescribing information. ( 1 )
Dosage
DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION • Before initiating TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD, screen for the HLA‑B*5701 allele because TRIUMEQ and TRIUMEQ PD contain abacavir. ( 2.1 ). • Prior to or when initiating TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD, test patients for HBV infection. ( 2.2 ) • TRIUMEQ and TRIUMEQ PD may be taken with or without food. ( 2.4 , 2.5 ) • Adults: One tablet of TRIUMEQ daily. ( 2.4 ) ABC = abacavir, DTG = dolutegravir, 3TC = lamivudine. Pediatric Population Body Weight Number of Tablets (once daily) Recommended Daily Dose TRIUMEQ PD Tablets (6 kg to <25 kg) 6 kg to <10 kg 3 180 mg ABC, 15 mg DTG, and 90 mg 3TC 10 kg to <14 kg 4 240 mg ABC, 20 mg DTG, and 120 mg 3TC 14 kg to <20 kg 5 300 mg ABC, 25 mg DTG, and 150 mg 3TC 20 kg to <25 kg 6 360 mg ABC, 30 mg DTG, and 180 mg 3TC TRIUMEQ Tablets (≥25 kg) ≥25 kg 1 600 mg ABC, 50 mg DTG, and 300 mg 3TC • Do not substitute TRIUMEQ and TRIUMEQ PD on a milligram-per-milligram basis. ( 2.3 ) • If dosing with certain UGT1A or CYP3A inducers, then the recommended dolutegravir dosage regimen should be adjusted. See Table 2 for complete dosing recommendations. ( 2.6 ) • Because TRIUMEQ and TRIUMEQ PD are fixed-dose tablets and cannot be dose adjusted, TRIUMEQ and TRIUMEQ PD are not recommended in patients with creatinine clearance <30 mL/min and pediatric patients with a similar degree of renal impairment based on age-appropriate assessment of renal function, or patients with hepatic impairment. ( 2.7 , 4 ) 2.1 Screening for HLA−B*5701 Allele prior to Initiating TRIUMEQ Screen for the HLA‑B*5701 allele prior to initiating therapy with TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD [see Boxed Warning , Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )]. 2.2 Testing prior to or When Initiating Treatment with TRIUMEQ Prior to or when initiating TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD, test patients for HBV infection [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 )] . 2.3 Overview of TRIUMEQ Dosage Forms TRIUMEQ is available in two dosage forms. Do not substitute TRIUMEQ tablets and TRIUMEQ PD tablets for oral suspension on a milligram-per-milligram basis due to differing pharmacokinetic profiles for the dolutegravir component [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.7 ) , Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] . • TRIUMEQ tablets: 600 mg of abacavir, 50 mg of dolutegravir, and 300 mg of lamivudine. TRIUMEQ is recommended in adults and pediatric patients weighing at least 25 kg [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.4 , 2.5 )] . • TRIUMEQ PD tablets for oral suspension: 60 mg of abacavir, 5 mg of dolutegravir, and 30 mg of lamivudine. TRIUMEQ PD is recommended in pediatric patients weighing 6 kg to less than 25 kg [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.5 )] . • Because TRIUMEQ PD is a fixed-dose tablet and the dosage of individual components cannot be adjusted, it may lead to a suboptimal dosing for patients weighing ≥25 kg. TRIUMEQ PD is not recommended in patients weighing 25 kg or more [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.4 , 2.5 )] . 2.4 Recommended Dosage in Adults TRIUMEQ is a fixed-dose combination product containing 600 mg of abacavir, 50 mg of dolutegravir, and 300 mg of lamivudine. The recommended dosage regimen of TRIUMEQ in adults is one tablet once daily orally with or without food. Do not use TRIUMEQ PD in adults. 2.5 Recommended Dosage and Administration Instructions for Pediatric Patients Weighing at Least 6 kg The dosage and dosage form recommended for pediatric patients varies by weight as shown in Table 1 below. Table 1. Recommended Dosage of TRIUMEQ Tablets and TRIUMEQ PD Tablets for Oral Suspension in Pediatric Patients a TRIUMEQ is a fixed-dose combination product containing 600 mg of abacavir, 50 mg of dolutegravir, and 300 mg of lamivudine. b TRIUMEQ PD is a fixed-dose combination product containing 60 mg of abacavir, 5 mg of dolutegravir, and 30 mg of lamivudine. Body Weight TRIUMEQ Tablets a TRIUMEQ PD b Number of Tablets Total Daily Dose 6 kg to <10 kg Not recommended 3 tablets once daily 180 mg abacavir, 15 mg dolutegravir, and 90 mg lamivudine once daily 10 kg to <14 kg Not recommended 4 tablets once daily 240 mg abacavir, 20 mg dolutegravir, and 120 mg lamivudine once daily 14 kg to <20 kg Not recommended 5 tablets once daily 300 mg abacavir, 25 mg dolutegravir, and 150 mg lamivudine once daily 20 kg to <25 kg Not recommended 6 tablets once daily 360 mg abacavir, 30 mg dolutegravir, and 180 mg lamivudine once daily ≥25 kg 1 tablet once daily Not recommended 600 mg of abacavir, 50 mg of dolutegravir, and 300 mg of lamivudine Administer TRIUMEQ PD tablets for oral suspension with or without food. Instruct patients (or instruct caregivers) to fully disperse the tablets for oral suspension in 20 mL of drinking water (if using 4, 5, or 6 tablets for oral suspension) or 15 mL (if using 3 tablets for oral suspension) in the supplied cup; swirl the suspension so that no lumps remain. After full dispersion, administer the oral suspension within 30 minutes of mixing [see Instructions for Use] . Do not swallow the tablets for oral suspension whole, and do not chew, cut, or crush the tablets. For children unable to use the supplied cup, an appropriate-sized syringe may be used to administer the oral suspension. Administer TRIUMEQ tablet with or without food. Do not chew, cut, or crush the tablet. 2.6 Dosage Recommendation with Certain Concomitant Medications The dolutegravir dose in TRIUMEQ (50 mg) and TRIUMEQ PD (5 mg) is insufficient when coadministered with medications listed in Table 2 that may decrease dolutegravir concentrations; the following dolutegravir dosage regimen is recommended. Table 2. Dosing Recommendations for TRIUMEQ and TRIUMEQ PD with Coadministered Medications Coadministered Drug Dosing Recommendation Efavirenz, fosamprenavir/ritonavir, tipranavir/ritonavir, carbamazepine, or rifampin In adults and in pediatric patients weighing at least 25 kg , the recommended dolutegravir dosage regimen is 50 mg twice daily. Thus, an additional TIVICAY 50-mg tablet, separated by 12 hours from TRIUMEQ, should be taken. In pediatric patients weighing 6 kg to <25 kg , an additional weight-based dose of dolutegravir should be given separated by 12 hours from TRIUMEQ PD. • 6 to <10 kg: administer an additional 15-mg dose of dolutegravir (3 TIVICAY PD tablets for oral suspension), 12 hours after TRIUMEQ PD. • 10 to <14 kg: administer an additional 20-mg dose of dolutegravir (4 TIVICAY PD tablets for oral suspension), 12 hours after TRIUMEQ PD. • 14 to <20 kg: administer an additional 25-mg dose of dolutegravir (5 TIVICAY PD tablets for oral suspension), 12 hours after TRIUMEQ PD. • 20 to <25 kg: administer an additional 30-mg dose of dolutegravir (6 TIVICAY PD tablets for oral suspension), 12 hours after TRIUMEQ PD. 2.7 Not Recommended Due to Lack of Dosage Adjustment Because TRIUMEQ and TRIUMEQ PD are fixed-dose tablets and cannot be dose adjusted, TRIUMEQ and TRIUMEQ PD are not recommended in: • patients with creatinine clearance <30 mL/min and pediatric patients with a similar degree of renal impairment based on age-appropriate renal function assessment. There are no data available on the use of lamivudine, a component of TRIUMEQ and TRIUMEQ PD, in pediatric patients with renal impairment [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.4 , 8.6 )] . • patients with mild hepatic impairment. TRIUMEQ and TRIUMEQ PD are contraindicated in patients with moderate or severe hepatic impairment [see Contraindications ( 4 ), Use in Specific Populations ( 8.7 )] .
Warnings
WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS • Hepatotoxicity has been reported in patients receiving a dolutegravir-containing regimen. Monitoring for hepatotoxicity is recommended. ( 5.3 ) • Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis, including fatal cases, have been reported with the use of nucleoside analogues. ( 5.4 ) • Immune reconstitution syndrome has been reported in patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy. ( 5.6 ) • TRIUMEQ tablets and TRIUMEQ PD tablets for oral suspension are not substitutable. ( 2.3 , 5.7 ) 5.1 Hypersensitivity Reactions Hypersensitivity reactions have been reported with the use of abacavir or dolutegravir, components of TRIUMEQ and TRIUMEQ PD. Abacavir Serious and sometimes fatal hypersensitivity reactions have occurred with abacavir-containing regimens. See full prescribing information for ZIAGEN (abacavir). Abacavir hypersensitivity reactions have included multi-organ failure and anaphylaxis and typically occurred within the first 6 weeks of treatment with abacavir (median time to onset was 9 days); although abacavir hypersensitivity reactions have occurred any time during treatment [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.1 )] . Patients who carry the HLA‑B*5701 allele are at a higher risk of abacavir hypersensitivity reactions; although, patients who do not carry the HLA‑B*5701 allele have developed hypersensitivity reactions. Hypersensitivity to abacavir was reported in approximately 206 (8%) of 2,670 patients in 9 clinical trials with abacavir-containing products where HLA‑B*5701 screening was not performed. The incidence of suspected abacavir hypersensitivity reactions in clinical trials was 1% when subjects carrying the HLA-B*5701 allele were excluded. In any patient treated with abacavir, the clinical diagnosis of hypersensitivity reaction must remain the basis of clinical decision making. Due to the potential for severe, serious, and possibly fatal hypersensitivity reactions with abacavir: • All patients should be screened for the HLA‑B*5701 allele prior to initiating therapy with TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD or reinitiation of therapy with TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD, unless patients have a previously documented HLA‑B*5701 allele assessment. • TRIUMEQ and TRIUMEQ PD are contraindicated in patients with a prior hypersensitivity reaction to abacavir and in HLA‑B*5701‑positive patients. • Before starting TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD, review medical history for prior exposure to any abacavir-containing product. NEVER restart TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD or any other abacavir-containing product following a hypersensitivity reaction to abacavir, regardless of HLA‑B*5701 status. • To reduce the risk of a life‑threatening hypersensitivity reaction, regardless of HLA‑B*5701 status, discontinue TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD immediately if a hypersensitivity reaction is suspected, even when other diagnoses are possible (e.g., acute onset respiratory diseases such as pneumonia, bronchitis, pharyngitis, or influenza; gastroenteritis; or reactions to other medications). Clinical status, including liver chemistries, should be monitored and appropriate therapy initiated. • If a hypersensitivity reaction cannot be ruled out, do not restart TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD or any other abacavir-containing products because more severe symptoms, which may include life-threatening hypotension and death, can occur within hours. • Clinically, it is not possible to determine whether a hypersensitivity reaction with TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD would be caused by abacavir or dolutegravir. Therefore, never restart TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD or any other abacavir- or dolutegravir-containing product in patients who have stopped therapy with TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD due to a hypersensitivity reaction. • If a hypersensitivity reaction is ruled out, patients may restart TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD. Rarely, patients who have stopped abacavir for reasons other than symptoms of hypersensitivity have also experienced life-threatening reactions within hours of reinitiating abacavir therapy. Therefore, reintroduction of TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD, or any other abacavir-containing product, is recommended only if medical care can be readily accessed. • A Medication Guide and Warning Card that provide information about recognition of abacavir hypersensitivity reactions should be dispensed with each new prescription and refill. Dolutegravir Hypersensitivity reactions have been reported and were characterized by rash, constitutional findings, and sometimes organ dysfunction, including liver injury. The events were reported in <1% of subjects receiving TIVICAY in Phase 3 clinical trials. Discontinue TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD and other suspect agents immediately if signs or symptoms of hypersensitivity reactions develop (including, but not limited to, severe rash or rash accompanied by fever, general malaise, fatigue, muscle or joint aches, blisters or peeling of the skin, oral blisters or lesions, conjunctivitis, facial edema, hepatitis, eosinophilia, angioedema, difficulty breathing). Clinical status, including liver aminotransferases, should be monitored and appropriate therapy initiated. Delay in stopping treatment with TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD or other suspect agents after the onset of hypersensitivity may result in a life-threatening reaction. Clinically, it is not possible to determine whether a hypersensitivity reaction with TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD would be caused by abacavir or dolutegravir. Therefore, never restart TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD or any other abacavir- or dolutegravir-containing product in patients who have stopped therapy with TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD due to a hypersensitivity reaction. 5.2 Patients Co-infected with HIV-1 and HBV: Emergence of Lamivudine-Resistant HBV and the Risk of Posttreatment Exacerbations of HBV All patients with HIV-1 should be tested for the presence of HBV prior to or when initiating TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD. Emergence of Lamivudine Resistant HBV Safety and efficacy of lamivudine have not been established for treatment of chronic HBV in subjects dually infected with HIV-1 and HBV. Emergence of HBV variants associated with resistance to lamivudine has been reported in HIV‑1−infected subjects who have received lamivudine‑containing antiretroviral regimens in the presence of concurrent infection with HBV. If a decision is made to administer TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD to patients co-infected with HIV-1 and HBV, additional treatment should be considered for appropriate treatment of chronic HBV; otherwise, consider an alternative regimen. Severe Acute Exacerbations of HBV in Patients Co-infected with HIV-1 and HBV Severe acute exacerbations of HBV have been reported in patients who are co-infected with HIV-1 and HBV and have discontinued products containing lamivudine, and may occur with discontinuation of TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD. Patients who are co-infected with HIV-1 and HBV who discontinue TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD should be closely monitored with both clinical and laboratory follow-up for at least several months after stopping treatment with TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD. If appropriate, initiation of anti-HBV therapy may be warranted, especially in patients with advanced liver disease or cirrhosis since posttreatment exacerbation of hepatitis may lead to hepatic decompensation and liver failure. 5.3 Hepatotoxicity Hepatic adverse events have been reported in patients receiving a dolutegravir-containing regimen [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.1 , 6.2 )] . Patients with underlying hepatitis B or C may be at increased risk for worsening or development of transaminase elevations with use of TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD [see Adverse Reactions ( 6.1 )] . In some cases, the elevations in transaminases were consistent with immune reconstitution syndrome or hepatitis B reactivation particularly in the setting where anti-hepatitis therapy was withdrawn. Cases of hepatic toxicity, including elevated serum liver biochemistries, hepatitis, and acute liver failure, have also been reported in patients, including pediatric patients receiving a
Contraindications
CONTRAINDICATIONS TRIUMEQ and TRIUMEQ PD are contraindicated in patients: • who have the HLA-B*5701 allele [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )] . • with prior hypersensitivity reaction to abacavir, dolutegravir [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )] , or lamivudine. • receiving dofetilide due to the potential for increased dofetilide plasma concentrations and the risk for serious and/or life-threatening events with concomitant use of dolutegravir [see Drug Interactions ( 7 )] . • with moderate or severe hepatic impairment [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.7 )] . • Presence of HLA-B*5701 allele. ( 4 ) • Prior hypersensitivity reaction to abacavir, dolutegravir, or lamivudine. ( 4 ) • Coadministration with dofetilide. ( 4 ) • Moderate or severe hepatic impairment. ( 4 , 8.7 )
Drug interactions
DRUG INTERACTIONS Coadministration of TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD with other drugs can alter the concentration of other drugs and other drugs may alter the concentrations of TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD. The potential drug-drug interactions must be considered prior to and during therapy. ( 4 , 7 , 12.3 ) 7.1 Effect of Dolutegravir on the Pharmacokinetics of Other Agents In vitro, dolutegravir inhibited the renal organic cation transporters (OCT)2 (IC 50 = 1.93 microM) and multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter (MATE)1 (IC 50 = 6.34 microM). In vivo, dolutegravir inhibits tubular secretion of creatinine by inhibiting OCT2 and potentially MATE1. Dolutegravir may increase plasma concentrations of drugs eliminated via OCT2 or MATE1 (dofetilide, dalfampridine, and metformin) [see Contraindications ( 4 ), Drug Interactions ( 7.3 )] . In vitro, dolutegravir inhibited the basolateral renal transporters, organic anion transporter (OAT) 1 (IC 50 = 2.12 microM) and OAT3 (IC 50 = 1.97 microM). However, in vivo, dolutegravir did not alter the plasma concentrations of tenofovir or para-amino hippurate, substrates of OAT1 and OAT3. In vitro, dolutegravir did not inhibit (IC 50 >50 microM) the following: cytochrome P450 (CYP)1A2, CYP2A6, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP3A, uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronosyl transferase (UGT)1A1, UGT2B7, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), bile salt export pump (BSEP), organic anion transporter polypeptide (OATP)1B1, OATP1B3, OCT1, or multidrug resistance protein (MRP)2, or MRP4. In vitro, dolutegravir did not induce CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP3A4. Based on these data and the results of drug interaction trials, dolutegravir is not expected to affect the pharmacokinetics of drugs that are substrates of these enzymes or transporters. In drug interaction trials, dolutegravir did not have a clinically relevant effect on the pharmacokinetics of the following drugs: tenofovir, methadone, midazolam, rilpivirine, and oral contraceptives containing norgestimate and ethinyl estradiol. Using cross-study comparisons to historical pharmacokinetic data for each interacting drug, dolutegravir did not appear to affect the pharmacokinetics of the following drugs: atazanavir, darunavir, efavirenz, etravirine, fosamprenavir, lopinavir, ritonavir, and boceprevir. 7.2 Effect of Other Agents on the Pharmacokinetics of Dolutegravir Dolutegravir is metabolized by UGT1A1 with some contribution from CYP3A. Dolutegravir is also a substrate of UGT1A3, UGT1A9, BCRP, and P-gp in vitro. Drugs that induce those enzymes and transporters may decrease dolutegravir plasma concentrations and reduce the therapeutic effect of dolutegravir. Coadministration of dolutegravir and other drugs that inhibit these enzymes may increase dolutegravir plasma concentrations. Etravirine significantly reduced plasma concentrations of dolutegravir, but the effect of etravirine was mitigated by coadministration of lopinavir/ritonavir or darunavir/ritonavir and is expected to be mitigated by atazanavir/ritonavir ( Table 6 ) [see Drug Interactions ( 7.3 ), Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] . In vitro, dolutegravir was not a substrate of OATP1B1 or OATP1B3. Darunavir/ritonavir, lopinavir/ritonavir, rilpivirine, tenofovir, boceprevir, prednisone, rifabutin, and omeprazole had no clinically significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of dolutegravir. 7.3 Established and Other Potentially Significant Drug Interactions There were no drug-drug interaction trials conducted with the abacavir, dolutegravir, and lamivudine fixed-dose combination tablets. Information regarding potential drug interactions with the individual components of TRIUMEQ and TRIUMEQ PD are provided below. These recommendations are based on either drug interaction trials or predicted interactions due to the expected magnitude of interaction and potential for serious adverse events or loss of efficacy. [See Contraindications ( 4 ), Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 ).] Table 6. Established and Other Potentially Significant Drug Interactions for Dolutegravir: Alterations in Dose May Be Recommended Based on Drug Interaction Trials or Predicted Interactions a See Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 ) Table 8 or Table 10 for magnitude of interaction. Concomitant Drug Class: Drug Name Effect on Concentration Clinical Comment HIV-1 Antiviral Agents Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor: Etravirine a ↓Dolutegravir Use of TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD with etravirine without coadministration of atazanavir/ritonavir, darunavir/ritonavir, or lopinavir/ritonavir is not recommended. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor: Efavirenz a ↓Dolutegravir In adults and in pediatric patients weighing at least 25 kg , adjust dolutegravir dose to 50 mg twice daily. An additional 50-mg dose of TIVICAY should be taken, separated by 12 hours from TRIUMEQ. In pediatric patients weighing 6 to <25 kg , an additional weight-based dose of dolutegravir should be given separated by 12 hours from TRIUMEQ PD. • 6 to <10 kg: administer an additional 15-mg dose of dolutegravir (3 TIVICAY PD tablets for oral suspension), 12 hours after TRIUMEQ PD. • 10 to <14 kg: administer an additional 20-mg dose of dolutegravir (4 TIVICAY PD tablets for oral suspension), 12 hours after TRIUMEQ PD. • 14 to <20 kg: administer an additional 25-mg dose of dolutegravir (5 TIVICAY PD tablets for oral suspension), 12 hours after TRIUMEQ PD. • 20 to <25 kg: administer an additional 30-mg dose of dolutegravir (6 TIVICAY PD tablets for oral suspension), 12 hours after TRIUMEQ PD. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor: Nevirapine ↓Dolutegravir Avoid coadministration with TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD because there are insufficient data to make dosing recommendations. Protease inhibitor: Fosamprenavir/ritonavir a Tipranavir/ritonavir a ↓Dolutegravir In adults and in pediatric patients weighing at least 25 kg , adjust dolutegravir dose to 50 mg twice daily. An additional TIVICAY 50-mg dose should be taken, separated by 12 hours from TRIUMEQ. In pediatric patients weighing 10 to <25 kg , an additional weight-based dose of dolutegravir should be given separated by 12 hours from TRIUMEQ PD. • 6 to <10 kg: administer an additional 15-mg dose of dolutegravir (3 TIVICAY PD tablets for oral suspension), 12 hours after TRIUMEQ PD. • 10 to <14 kg: administer an additional 20-mg dose of dolutegravir (4 TIVICAY PD tablets for oral suspension), 12 hours after TRIUMEQ PD. • 14 to <20 kg: administer an additional 25-mg dose of dolutegravir (5 TIVICAY PD tablets for oral suspension), 12 hours after TRIUMEQ PD. • 20 to <25 kg: administer an additional 30-mg dose of dolutegravir (6 TIVICAY PD tablets for oral suspension), 12 hours after TRIUMEQ PD. Other Agents Antiarrhythmic: Dofetilide ↑Dofetilide Coadministration is contraindicated with TRIUMEQ and TRIUMEQ PD [see Contraindications ( 4 )] . Potassium channel blocker: Dalfampridine ↑Dalfampridine Elevated levels of dalfampridine increase the risk of seizures. The potential benefits of taking dalfampridine concurrently with TRIUMEQ or TRIUMEQ PD should be considered against the risk of seizures in these patients. Carbamazepine a ↓Dolutegravir In adults and in pediatric patients weighing at least 25 kg , adjust dolutegravir dose to 50 mg twice daily. An additional TIVICAY 50-mg dose should be taken, separated by 12 hours from TRIUMEQ. In pediatric patients weighing 6 to <25 kg , an additional weight-based dose of dolutegravir should be given separated by 12 hours from TRIUMEQ PD. • 6 to <10 kg: administer an additional 15-mg dose of dolutegravir (3 TIVICAY PD tablets for oral suspension), 12 hours after TRIUMEQ PD. • 10 to <14 kg: administer an additional 20-mg dose of dolutegravir (4 TIVICAY PD tablets for oral suspension), 12 hours after TRIUMEQ PD. • 14 to <20 kg: administer an additional 25-mg dose of dolutegravir (5 TIVICAY PD tablets for oral suspension), 12 hours after TRIUMEQ PD. • 20 to <25 kg: administer an additional 30-mg do
Adverse reactions
ADVERSE REACTIONS The following adverse reactions are discussed in other sections of the labeling: • Serious and sometimes fatal hypersensitivity reaction [see Boxed Warning , Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )] . • Exacerbations of hepatitis B [see Boxed Warning , Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 )] . • Hepatotoxicity [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 )] . • Lactic acidosis and severe hepatomegaly with steatosis [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4 )] . • Immune reconstitution syndrome [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.6 )] . • Myocardial infarction [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.8 )] . The most commonly reported adverse reactions of at least moderate intensity and incidence at least 2% (in those receiving TRIUMEQ) were insomnia, headache, and fatigue. ( 6.1 ) To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact ViiV Healthcare at 1-877-844-8872 or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch . 6.1 Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared with rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice. Clinical Trials in Adults Serious and Fatal Abacavir-Associated Hypersensitivity Reactions: In clinical trials, serious and sometimes fatal hypersensitivity reactions have occurred with abacavir, a component of TRIUMEQ and TRIUMEQ PD [see Boxed Warning , Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )]. These reactions have been characterized by 2 or more of the following signs or symptoms: (1) fever; (2) rash; (3) gastrointestinal symptoms (including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or abdominal pain); (4) constitutional symptoms (including generalized malaise, fatigue, or achiness); (5) respiratory symptoms (including dyspnea, cough, or pharyngitis). Almost all abacavir hypersensitivity reactions include fever and/or rash as part of the syndrome. Other signs and symptoms have included lethargy, headache, myalgia, edema, arthralgia, and paresthesia. Anaphylaxis, liver failure, renal failure, hypotension, adult respiratory distress syndrome, respiratory failure, myolysis, and death have occurred in association with these hypersensitivity reactions. Physical findings have included lymphadenopathy, mucous membrane lesions (conjunctivitis and mouth ulcerations), and maculopapular or urticarial rash (although some patients had other types of rashes and others did not have a rash). There were reports of erythema multiforme. Laboratory abnormalities included elevated liver chemistries, elevated creatine phosphokinase, elevated creatinine, and lymphopenia and abnormal chest x‑ray findings (predominantly infiltrates, which were localized). Serious Dolutegravir Hypersensitivity Reactions: In clinical trials, hypersensitivity reactions have occurred with dolutegravir, a component of TRIUMEQ and TRIUMEQ PD [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 )]. These hypersensitivity reactions have been characterized by rash, constitutional findings, and sometimes organ dysfunction, including liver injury. Additional Treatment-Emergent Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) with Use of TRIUMEQ: The safety assessment of TRIUMEQ is primarily based on the analyses of data from a randomized, international, multicenter, double-blind, active-controlled trial, SINGLE (ING114467) and supported by data in treatment-experienced, INSTI-naive subjects from SAILING (ING111762) and by data from other treatment-naive trials. See full prescribing information for TIVICAY. Treatment-Naive Subjects: In SINGLE, 833 adult subjects were randomized and received at least one dose of either dolutegravir (TIVICAY) 50 mg with fixed-dose abacavir and lamivudine (EPZICOM) once daily (n = 414) or fixed-dose efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir (ATRIPLA) once daily (n = 419) (study treatment was blinded through Week 96 and open-label from Week 96 through Week 144). Through 144 weeks, the rate of adverse events leading to discontinuation was 4% in subjects receiving TIVICAY + EPZICOM and 14% in subjects receiving ATRIPLA once daily. Treatment‑emergent ADRs of moderate to severe intensity observed in at least 2% of subjects in either treatment arm of SINGLE are provided in Table 3 . Table 3. Treatment-Emergent Adverse Drug Reactions of at Least Moderate Intensity (Grades 2 to 4) and at Least 2% Frequency in Treatment-Naive Subjects in SINGLE (Week 144 Analysis) a Includes pooled terms: rash, rash generalized, rash macular, rash maculo-papular, rash pruritic, and drug eruption. Adverse Reaction TIVICAY + EPZICOM Once Daily (n = 414) ATRIPLA Once Daily (n = 419) Psychiatric Insomnia 3% 3% Depression 1% 2% Abnormal dreams <1% 2% Nervous System Dizziness <1% 5% Headache 2% 2% Gastrointestinal Nausea <1% 3% Diarrhea <1% 2% General Disorders Fatigue 2% 2% Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Rash a <1% 6% Ear and Labyrinth Vertigo 0 2% Treatment-Experienced Subjects: SAILING is an international, double-blind trial in INSTI-naive, antiretroviral treatment-experienced adult subjects. Subjects were randomized and received either TIVICAY 50 mg once daily or raltegravir 400 mg twice daily with investigator-selected background regimen consisting of up to 2 agents, including at least one fully active agent. At 48 weeks, the rate of adverse events leading to discontinuation was consistent with that seen in the overall treatment-naive patient population. See full prescribing information for TIVICAY. The ADRs observed in the subset of subjects who received TIVICAY + EPZICOM were generally consistent with those seen in the overall treatment-naive patient population. Less Common Adverse Reactions Observed in Clinical Trials: The following adverse reactions occurred in <2% of treatment-naive or treatment-experienced subjects in any one trial. These events have been included because of their seriousness and/or assessment of potential causal relationship. Gastrointestinal Disorders: Abdominal pain, abdominal distention, abdominal discomfort, dyspepsia, flatulence, gastroesophageal reflux disease, upper abdominal pain, vomiting. General Disorders: Fever, lethargy. Hepatobiliary Disorders: Hepatitis. Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders: Anorexia, hypertriglyceridemia. Musculoskeletal Disorders: Arthralgia, myositis. Nervous System Disorders: Somnolence. Psychiatric Disorders: Suicidal ideation, attempt, behavior, or completion. These events were observed primarily in subjects with a pre-existing history of depression or other psychiatric illness. Nightmare and sleep disorder. Renal and Urinary Disorders: Renal impairment. Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: Pruritus. Laboratory Abnormalities: Treatment-Naive Subjects: Selected laboratory abnormalities (Grades 2 to 4) with a worsening grade from baseline and representing the worst-grade toxicity in at least 2% of subjects in SINGLE are presented in Table 4 . The mean change from baseline observed for selected lipid values is presented in Table 5 . Table 4. Selected Laboratory Abnormalities (Grades 2 to 4) in Treatment-Naive Subjects in SINGLE (Week 144 Analysis) ALT = Alanine aminotransferase, AST = Aspartate aminotransferase, ULN = upper limit of normal. Laboratory Abnormality TIVICAY + EPZICOM Once Daily (n = 414) ATRIPLA Once Daily (n = 419) ALT Grade 2 (>2.5-5.0 x ULN) 3% 5% Grade 3 to 4 (>5.0 x ULN) 1% <1% AST Grade 2 (>2.5-5.0 x ULN) 3% 4% Grade 3 to 4 (>5.0 x ULN) 1% 3% Creatine kinase Grade 2 (6.0-9.9 x ULN) 5% 3% Grade 3 to 4 (≥10.0 x ULN) 7% 8% Hyperglycemia Grade 2 (126-250 mg/dL) 9% 6% Grade 3 (>250 mg/dL) 2% <1% Lipase Grade 2 (>1.5-3.0 x ULN) 11% 11% Grade 3 to 4 (>3.0 ULN) 5% 4% Total neutrophils Grade 2 (0.75-0.99 x 10 9 ) 4% 5% Grade 3 to 4 (<0.75 x 10 9 ) 3% 3% Table 5. Mean Change from Baseline in Fasted Lipid Values in Treatment-Naive Subjects in SINGLE (Week 144 Analysis a ) HDL = High-density lipoprotein, LDL = Low-density lipoprotein. a Subjects on lipid-lowering agents at baseline were excluded from these a
Mechanism of action
Mechanism of Action TRIUMEQ and TRIUMEQ PD are a fixed-dose combination of the HIV‑1 antiretroviral agents abacavir, dolutegravir, and lamivudine [see Microbiology ( 12.4 )].
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