clotrimazole 10 MG/ML Otic Solution

INDICATIONS AND USAGE Clotrimazole lozenges are indicated for the local treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis. The diagnoses should be confirmed by a KOH smear and/or culture prior to treatment. Clotrimazole lozenges are also indicated prophylactically to reduce the incidence of oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients immunocompromised by conditions that include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or steroid therapy utilized in the treatment of leukemia, solid tumors, or renal transplantation. There are no data from adequate and well-controlled trials to establish the safety and efficacy of this product for prophylactic use in patients immunocompromised by etiologies other than those listed in the previous sentence. (See DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION .)

DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Clotrimazole Lozenges are administered only as a lozenge that must be slowly dissolved in the mouth. The recommended dose is one lozenge five times a day for fourteen consecutive days. Only limited data are available on the safety and effectiveness of the clotrimazole lozenge after prolonged administration; therefore, therapy should be limited to short term use, if possible. For prophylaxis to reduce the incidence of oropharyngeal candidiasis in patients immunocompromised by conditions that include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, or steroid therapy utilized in the treatment of leukemia, solid tumors, or renal transplantation, the recommended dose is one lozenge three times daily for the duration of chemotherapy or until steroids are reduced to maintenance levels.

WARNING Clotrimazole lozenges are not indicated for the treatment of systemic mycoses including systemic candidiasis.

CONTRAINDICATIONS Topical antifungal agents are contraindicated in those patients with a history of hypersensitivity to any of the components of the preparation.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Clotrimazole is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent that is used for the treatment of dermal infections caused by various species of pathogenic dermatophytes, yeasts, and Malassezia furfur . The primary action of clotrimazole is against dividing and growing organisms. In vitro , clotrimazole exhibits fungistatic and fungicidal activity against isolates of Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis and Candida species including Candida albicans . In general, the in vitro activity of clotrimazole corresponds to that of tolnaftate and griseofulvin against the mycelia of dermatophytes ( Trichophyton , Microsporum , and Epidermophyton ), and to that of the polyenes (amphotericin B and nystatin) against budding fungi ( Candida ). Using an in vivo (mouse) and an in vitro (mouse kidney homogenate) testing system, clotrimazole and miconazole were equally effective in preventing the growth of the pseudomycelia and mycelia of Candida albicans . Strains of fungi having a natural resistance to clotrimazole are rare. Only a single isolate of Candida guilliermondi has been reported to have primary resistance to clotrimazole. No single-step or multiple-step resistance to clotrimazole has developed during successive passages of Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes . No appreciable change in sensitivity was detected after successive passage of isolates of C. albicans, C. krusei, or C. pseudotropicalis in liquid or solid media containing clotrimazole. Also, resistance could not be developed in chemically induced mutant strains of polyene-resistant strains of polyene-resistant isolates of C. albicans . Slight, reversible resistance was noted in three isolates of C. albicans tested by one investigator. There is a single report that records the clinical emergence of C. albicans strain with considerable resistance to flucytosine and miconazole, and with cross-resistance to clotrimazole, the strain remained sensitive to nystatin and amphotericin B. In studies of the mechanism of action, the minimum fungicidal concentration of clotrimazole caused leakage of intracellular phosphorus compounds into the ambient medium with concomitant breakdown of cellular nucleic acids and accelerated potassium efflux. Both these events began rapidly and extensively after addition of the drug. Clotrimazole appears to be well absorbed in humans following oral administration and is eliminated mainly as inactive metabolites. Following topical and vaginal administration, however, clotrimazole appears to be minimally absorbed. Six hours after the application of radioactive clotrimazole 1% cream and 1% solution onto intact and acutely inflamed skin, the concentration of clotrimazole varied from 100 mcg/cm 3 in the stratum corneum to 0.5 to 1 mcg/cm 3 in the stratum reticulare, and 0.1 mcg/cm 3 in the subcutis. No measurable amount of radioactivity (≤0.001 mcg/mL) was found in the serum within 48 hours after application under occlusive dressing of 0.5 mL of the solution or 0.8 g of the cream. Only 0.5% or less of the applied radioactivity was excreted in the urine. Following intravaginal administration of 100 mg 14 C-clotrimazole vaginal tablets to nine adult females, an average peak serum level, corresponding to only 0.03 μg equivalents/mL of clotrimazole, was reached one to two days after application. After intravaginal administration of 5 g of 1% 14 C-clotrimazole vaginal cream containing 50 mg active drug, to five subjects (one with candidal colpitis), serum levels corresponding to approximately 0.01 μg equivalents/mL were reached between 8 and 24 hours after application.